[ FreeCourseWeb ] Encyclopedia of Biological Chemistry Vol 2

Encyclopedia of Biological Chemistry Vol 2



English | 2021 | ASIN : B099Z7PRL4 | 1714 pages | PDF, AZW3, EPUB, MOBI | 78.97 MB
The elongation cycle is the productive phase of protein
biosynthesis. The genetic message in mRNA is a working
transcript of a gene on DNA and it is translated one triplet
codon at a time during this phase. Thereby, a specific amino
acid sequence is synthesized and the final product represents a
functional protein of the living cell. The translation is
performed on the ribosome, which is a large complex of
ribosomal RNA and ribosomal proteins. The ribosome is
organized into two subunits, the large 50S subunit and the
small 30S subunit. tRNA molecules provide amino acids for
the protein biosynthesis and they are activated by the attachment to tRNA by an aminoacyl bond. During the elongation phase the ribosome is assisted by three elongation factors: (1) elongation factor Tu (EF-Tu), which brings to the ribosome amino-acylated tRNAs (aa-tRNAs) for decoding at the 30S subunit, (2) elongation factor G (EF-G), which assists the ribosome in translocating mRNA and tRNAs, and (3) elongation factor Ts (EF-Ts), which reactivates EF-Tu by exchanging its cofactor GDP for GTP. EF-Tu and EF-G are both G proteins that are active when GTP is bound as cofactor and inactive when GDP is bound. There is no nucleotide exchange factor for EF-G. The elongation phase and both EF-Tu and EF-G are surprisingly well preserved during evolution, for all living organisms. The proteins corresponding to EF-Ts are more complex in eukaryotes.

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